Networking Definitions, Tutorial and Method of Networking

Networking Definitions and Tutorial in Easy Wording

Operating System

                                Software which operates the basic operations of the computer is called operating system.

Operating system = input + process + output

Hardware

                      Physical components of the computer are called hardware.

                      Anything to which we can touch is called hardware.

Software

              Group of programs is called software.

                  Anything to which we can not touch is called software.

Program

                  Group of instructions given to the computer is called program.

Instruction

                      Any command given to the computer is called instruction.

Input

          Any instruction or data given to the computer is called input.

Process

              Conversation of input (raw data) into output (useful data).

Output

              The result of the input being produced by the computer after processing (process) is called output.

Data

         Raw information is called data.

Information

                         Useful data is called information.

Types of software

              

                System software

                            Any software which runs the system is called system software. For example, Windows, Drivers

               

                Application software

                               

                User define software

                           Booting Process

BIOS (Basic Input Output System)

Operating system (Windows), Hardware components

Input Devices

                         By which we can communicate to the computer. For example keyboard + Mouse + Scanner + Mick

Output

              By which computer can communicate with human beings. For example Monitor + Printer + Projector + Speaker

 Network

                 Connecting of two or more computers with each other to share information or resources is called network.

Topology

                    

                 Style of joining of computers in network is called topology.

1- Star topology

2- Bus topology

3-Ring topology

NIC (Network Interference Card)

LAN Card

Ethernet Card

Modem

Medium

          Wire Medium

                               Co-axial Cable

                                   UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair Cable)

                                   Fiber Optical

          Wireless Medium

UTP

        4 pairs (Orange + Green + Blue + Brown)

         8 Cables (White Orange, Orange + White Green, Green + White Blue, Blue + White Brown, Brown)

Sequence of straight Cables (White Orange, Orange + White Green, Blue + White Blue, Green + White Brown, Brown)

 

Sequence of Cross Cables 1 Side (White green, Green + White orange, Blue + White Blue, Orange + White brown, Brown)

Sequence of Cross Cables 2 Side (White orange, Orange + White green, Blue + White blue, Green + White brown, Brown)

 

 Fiber Optical

                  

                         

                                  Mirror           Light                              

Bend: No data change

Digital Data

Analog Data

                       Modem / LAN Card

Modulation (Digital data into Analog data)

De-Modulation (Analog data into Digital data)

LAN (Local Area Network):                                           

                                               Same building / Office / Location

WAN (Wide Area Network):

                                  Between cities, Countries or Continents (Internet)

MAN (metropolitan Area Network):

                                     Connection in Same City

Intranet:

                First form of network (Network of 4 computers)

Internet:

            Network of Networks

Network:

             Collection of two or more computers to share information & resources

Server / Main Computer / Mainframe:

                  Computer which is providing services to other computers is called Server.

Client / Workstation:

                  Computers which are taking services from Server is called Client.

Windows XP

                      Dos, 3.1, 95, 98, me, 2000, XP, Vista, 7

Windows Server

                       Windows NT Server (Network Transmission)

                                2000, 2003, 2005

Domain Name

                   Server based networking

Server Name

          Group Name: UBL, ABL, HBL

          Name of Computer: 

Write name computer which provides services to other computers like (Awais).

Server Environment

                         Network of computers in the form of Server (Main Computer) & Client

Workgroup:

                Network of computers in the form of equal status to share information and resources

Administrator:

               Which have full command over the system is called administrator.

User:

System:

         Collection of units to perform a specific job & to achieve a common goal or object

                    Networking Essentials

Networking Devices             LAN Card / Modem                                         

Medium                                                   UTP Cable / Telephone Line

Protocol                                                   TCP / IP

Protocol: Set of rules for communication over the network

TCP: Transmission Control Protocol

IP: Internet Protocol

Work group:

    IP Address: Address of the system over work group which is unique.

192.168.0.1

ISP: Internet Service Provider

Work-group Name:

                 Work group name should be same for all the systems connected in a network for sharing of information & resources.

Prepare by: Mian Muhammad Awais