Motivation is a psychological feature that
arouses an organism to act towards a desired goal andelicits, controls, and
sustains certain goal-directed behaviors. It can be considered a drivingforce;
a psychological one that compelsor reinforces an action toward a desired goal.
Forexample, hunger is a motivation that elicits a desire to eat. Motivation is
the purpose orpsychological cause of an action..
Motivation in Organization
1.
Definition: motivation is a process of arousing and sustaining goal-directed
behavior induced by the expectation of satisfying individual needs
2.
The motivation processUnsatisfied need => Tension => Drives => Search
Behavior => Satisfied needs => Reduction of tension => New unsatisfied
needs
3.
Types of theories
(1)
Need-based theories*.Maslow's need hierarchy*.McGregor's Theory X and
Theory*.Herzberg's two-factor theory*.Alderfer's ERG theory*.McClelland's need
theory
(2).
Process-based theory*.Equity theory*.Expectancy theory*.Goal-setting
theory*.Reinforcement theory:*.Attribution theory
(3)
Individual-organizational goal-congruence
theories*.Exchange*.Accommodation*.Socialization*.Identification4. Maslow's
Need Hierarchy
(1)
A hierarchy of five basic needs*.Physiological needs: hunger, thirst, shelter,
sex, and other bodily needs*.Safety needs: security and protection from
physical and emotional harm*.Social needs: affection, belongingness, love,
acceptance, and friendship.*.Esteem needs: internal esteem (self-respect,
autonomy, achievement), and external esteem (status, recognition, attention,
power, and face)*.Needs for self-actualization: the drive to best realize one's
potential, including potential in personal growth, achievements, and
self-fulfillment.Low-order needs: physiological and safety needs, they are satisfied
externally (payment, unions)High-order needs: social, esteem, and
self-actualization needs, they are satisfied internally.
(2).
Basic assumptions:*.A substantially satisfied need no longer motivates*.It is
the lowest level of ungratified need in the hierarchy that motivates
behavior*.As a lower level of need is met, a person moves up to the next level
of needs as a sourceof motivation
(3).
The socio-cultural construction of need hierarchy
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